«ENTENTE CORDIALE» ПРОТИЛЕЖНИХ ДЕРЖАВ: БОРОТЬБА КИТАЮ ТА РОСІЇ З ОДНОПОЛЯРНИМ ПОРЯДКОМ

Автор(и)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31866/2616-745X.9.2022.265450

Ключові слова:

Росія, Китай, однополярність, демократія, авторитаризм

Анотація

Поточні проблеми між Заходом/західними союзниками та Росією і Китаєм мають системний характер не з огляду структури, а порядку, отже, не в сенсі спільноти, змодельованої за владними відносинами між суб’єктами мікроекономіки, а в сенсі інтерсуб’єктивного, нормативного посилання, яке породжує значущі, живі відносини індивідуального актора та системи, які охоплюють відносини влади. Вони становлять зміст фундаментальної діалектики між двома світоглядами, тим, що визначило постбіполярний/однополярний міжнародний порядок, і тим, який ці дві великі держави довго зберігали через свій індивідуальний modus vivendi з ним. Їхній modus vivendi значною мірою зник із причин, характерних для кожного з них. «Антитетичний» характер їх виклику полягав у тому, щоб гнучко, але міцно вирівняти дві сили, тоді як самостійна «тетична» природа однополярного порядку поки що сповільнила його реакцію. Сердечна згода виявилася довговічною також під час останнього епізоду протистояння між Росією та міжнародним порядком, вторгнення в Україну.

Сама наявність однополярного порядку робить союз протилежних держав дійсним і системним магнітом для інших режимів аналогічного характеру або такого, що тяжіє до подібного, надаючи їм можливість узгодження у сфері безпеки. Проте, між Китаєм і Росією немає культурної чи історичної подібності, яка могла б призвести до природного вирівнювання. Їхні загальні побоювання стосовно безпеки по відношенню до сепаратистських та фундаменталістських рухів є скоріше питанням спеціальної координації, як це було у 90-х роках, а не основою для погодження. Торгівля, фінанси та інвестиції, безумовно, становлять спільний інтерес, проте самі по собі вони не є підставою для узгодження, а є його наслідком, про що свідчить їхня необхідність бути політично збалансованими. Військова співпраця, зокрема постачання російської зброї та технологій Китаю, мають важливе значення, проте це потреба зумовлена дедалі більш конфронтаційними відносинами з однополярним світом і знову є наслідком, а не причиною об'єднання.

Біографія автора

Емре Озігчі, Міністерство закордонних справ

Кандидат політичних та соціальних наук, керівник відділу

Посилання

Acharya, A., 2004. How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism”. International Organization, 58 (2), pp. 239–275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582024

Annual outflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) from China between 2011 and 2021 (in billion U.S. dollars), 2022. Statista. [online] 23 August. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/858019/china-outward-foreign-direct-investment-flows/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Anthony, I., 2018. Military Dimensions of a Multipolar World: Implications for Global Governance. Strategic Analysis, 42 (3), pp.208–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2018.1463957

Arbuthnot, J., 2008. The Bucharest Summit and the Future of NATO. The RUSI Journal, 158 (3), pp. 40-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071840802249554

Asmus, R., 2010. A Little War that Shook the World; Georgia, Russia and the Future of the West. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Baev, P. and Overland, I., 2010. The South Stream versus Nabucco Pipeline Race: Geopolitical and Economic (Ir)rationales and Political Stakes in Mega-Projects. International Affairs, 86 (5), pp. 1075–1090. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00929.x

Beckley, M., 2018. Unrivaled: Why America Will Remain the World’s Sole Superpower. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501724794

Belopolsky, H., 2009. Russia and the Challengers: Russian Alignment with China, Iran, and Iraq in the Unipolar Era. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 65–85.

Benabdallah, L., 2019. Contesting the international order by integrating it: the case of China’s Belt and Road initiative. Third World Quarterly, [e-journal] 40 (1), pp.92–108. DOI:10.1080/01436597.2018.1529539.

Biden says US will defend Taiwan if China attacks. 2021. BBC News, [online] 22 October. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-59005300 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Blakkisrud, H., 2018. An Asian Pivot Starts at Home:The Russian Far East in Russian Regional Policy. In: H. Blakkisrud and E. Wilson-Rowe, eds. Russia’s Turn to the East Domestic Policymaking and Regional Cooperation. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69790-1_2

Blanchette, J. and Lin, B., 2022. China’s Ukraine Crisis. What Xi Gains – and Loses – From Backing Putin. Foreign Affairs, [online] February 21. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2022-02-21/chinas-ukraine-crisis [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Bown, Ch.P., 2022. Russia's war on Ukraine: A sanctions timeline. Peterson Institute for International Economics, [online] 2 September. Available at: https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/russias-war-ukraine-sanctions-timeline [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Brewster, D., 2018. The MSRI and the Evolving Naval Balance in the Indian Ocean. In: J.M.F. Blanchard, ed. China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia. A Political Economic Analysis of its Purposes, Perils, and Promise. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 55–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5239-2_3

Bride, J., Chatzky, A. and Siripurapu, A., 2021. What’s Next for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)? Council on Foreign Relations, [online] 20 September. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-trans-pacific-partnership-tpp [Accessed 30 May 2022]

Brooks, S. and Wohlforth, W., 2011. Assessing the Balance”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 24 (2), pp. 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2011.583008

Brooks, S. and Wohlforth, W., 2016. America Abroad: The United States’ Global Role in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 73–87.

Brosig, M., 2019. The Role of BRICS in Large-Scale Armed Conflict: Building a Multi-Polar World Order. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18537-4

Brussels Summit Communiqué, 2022. Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 14 June 2021. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, [online] 01 July. Available at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_185000.htm [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Casula, P., 2013. Sovereign Democracy, Populism, and Depoliticization in Russia. Problems of Post-Communism, 60 (3), pp. 3–15. https://doi.org/10.2753/PPC1075-8216600301

Charter of Organization for democracy and economic development – GUAM, 2022. [online] Available at: https://guam-organization.org/en/charter-of-organization-for-democracy-and-economic-development-guam/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Chaudhuri, D., 2018. Xinjiang and the Chinese State: Violence in the Reform Era. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203732168

Chebankova, E., 2017. Russia’s Idea of the Multipolar World Order. Post-Soviet Affairs, [e-journal] 33 (3), pp. 217-234. DOI: 10.1080/1060586X.2017.1293394.

Chen, D.P., 2017. US-China Rivalry and Taiwan’s Mainland Policy: Security, Nationalism, and the 1992 Consensus. New Jersey: Palgrave Macmillan.

Cheng, Y.J., 2018. Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, pp. 397–398.

Cheung, R., 2022. Russia-Ukraine war: In Chinese media, the US is the villain, Al Jazeera, [online] 6 April. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/6/china-media-coverage-ukraine-war [Accessed 30 May 2022].

China and Russia decry Biden’s plans for democracy summit, 2021. South China Morning Post, [online] 28 November. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/3157641/china-and-russia-decry-joe-bidens-plans-democracy?module=perpetual_scroll&pgtype=article&campaign=3157641 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

China warns US will 'face unbearable price' on Taiwan, 2021. France24, [online] 30 December. Available at: <https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211230-china-warns-us-will-face-unbearable-price-on-taiwan> [Accessed 30 May 2022].

China-Russia trade volume expected to hit a new high in 2021, 2021. News Center, [online] 09 September. Available at: https://www.ciie.org/zbh/en/news/exhibition/news/20210930/29610.html [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), 2018. [online] Available at: https://www.iilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CPTPP-consolidated.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Cottey, A., 2018. The European Neutrals and NATO: Non-Alignment, Partnership, Membership? London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59524-9

Cunliffe, P., 2019. Framing Intervention in a Multipolar World. Conflict Security & Development, 19 (3), pp. 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2019.1608015

Danner, L.K., 2018. China’s Grand Strategy: Contradictory Foreign Policy? Miami: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 53–65.

Dannreuther, R., 2015. Russia and the Arab Spring: Supporting the Counter Revolution. Journal of European Integration, 37 (1), pp. 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2014.975990

Dee, M., 2015. The European Union in a Multipolar World: World Trade, Global Governance and the Case of the WTO. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137434203

Desseyn, R. and Tchantouridze, L., 2012. Realpolitik and the Russia-Georgia War: Three Years On. Central Asia and Caucasus, 131, pp. 111–119.

Development Strategy of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization until 2025, 2015. [online] Available at: https://eng.sco-russia2020.ru/images/17/25/172516.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Deyermond, R., 2013. Assessing the reset: successes and failures in the Obama administration's Russia policy, 2009–2012. European Security, [e-journal] 22 (4), pp.500–523. DOI:10.1080/09662839.2013.777704.

Dillon, M., ed., 2015. Deng Xiaoping: The Man Who Made Modern China. London: L.B. Tauris, pp. 229–256. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755619382

Dimbleby, J., 2018. The Last Governor: Chris Patten and the Handover of Hong Kong. London: Little, Brown.

Doherty, E., 2022. China's vice foreign minister blames NATO for war in Ukraine. Axios, [online] 19 March. Available at: https://www.axios.com/china-vice-foreign-minister-nato-ukraine-russia-eef8dea1-2b7e-4e03-8c15-d32b2cfc2f50.html [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Dunford, M., 2020. Chinese and Development Assistance Committee (DAC) development cooperation and development finance: implications for the BRI and international governance. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61 (2), pp. 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1716821

Exports of goods and services (current US$). World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files, 2022. The World Bank Group, [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD?locations=CN&view=chart [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Eyvazov, J., 2008. GUAM and the Regional Security-System in the Post-Soviet Space. Central Asia and Caucasus, 3-4 (51-52), pp.277–288.

Fels, E., 2018. The Geopolitical Significance of Sino-Russian Cooperation in Central Asia for the Belt and Road Initiative. In: M. Mayer, ed. Rethinking the Silk Road: China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Emerging Eurasian Relations. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 247–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5915-5_15

Finnemore, M., 2011. Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn’t All It’s Cracked Up to Be. In: Ikenberry J., Mastanduno, M., and Wohlforth, W.C. eds. International Relations Theory and the Consequences of Unipolarity. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 67–98. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511996337.003

Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France, 1997. NATO, [online] 27 May. Available at: https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Franklin, A., Qian, J. and Qian, M., 2008. China’s Financial System: Past, Present, and Future. In: L. Brandt and T. Rawski, eds. China’s Great Economic Transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 515–518.

Fravel, M.T., 2016. China’s Assertiveness in the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands Dispute. MIT Political Science Department Research Paper, 19, pp. 1–21. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2788165

Gardner, H., 2019. IR Theory, Historical Analogy and Major Power War. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04636-1_3

GDP (current US$) – China. World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files, 2022. The World Bank Group, [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=CN [Accessed 30 May 2022].

GDP (current US$) – Russian Federation. World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files, 2022. The World Bank Group, [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=RU [Accessed 30 May 2022].

GDP (current US$) – Russian Federation. World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files, 2022. The World Bank Group, [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=RU [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Gedeon, J., 2022. The weapons and military aid the world is giving Ukraine. POLITICO, [online] 21 March. Available at: https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/22/ukraine-weapons-military-aid-00019104.

Gerlach, J., 2014. Color Revolutions in Eurasia. Cham: Springer, pp. 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07872-4

Golan, G., 2004. Russia and the Iraq War: Was Putin’s Policy a Failure? Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 37 (4), pp.429–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2004.09.005

Goncharenko, R. and Savitsky, A., 2022. What next as Russia-West talks over Ukraine fail to ease tensions? DW, [online] 13 January. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/what-next-as-russia-west-talks-over-ukraine-fail-to-ease-tensions/a-60419001 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Hahn, G.M., 2013. Russia in 2012: From Thaw and Reset to Freeze. Asian Survey, 53 (1), pp. 214–223. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2013.53.1.214

Hahn, G.M., 2018. Ukraine over the Edge: Russia, the West and the new Cold War. Jefferson: McFarland.

Hansen, B., 2011. Unipolarity and World Politics: A Theory and its Implications, New York: Routledge, pp.7–8. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203832301

Hare, P., Estrin, S., Lugachyov, M. and Takla, L. 1998. Russia’s Foreign Trade: New Directions and Western Policies. The World Economy, [e-journal] 21(1), pp. 95–119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00121.

Heath, J.B., 2005. Tibet and China in the Twenty-First Century: Non-Violence versus State Power. London: Saqi Books.

Heisbourg, F., 2020. NATO 4.0: The Atlantic Alliance and the Rise of China. Survival, [e-journal] 62(2), pp. 83–102. DOI: 10.1080/00396338.2020.1739950.

Heston, A. and Sicular, T., 2008. China and Development Economics. In: L. Brandt and T. Rawski, eds. China’s Great Economic Transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511754234.003

Higgins, A., 2017. China and Russia Hold First Joint Naval Drill in the Baltic Sea. The New York Times, [online] 25 July. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/world/europe/china-russia-baltic-navy-exercises.html [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Hopewell, K., 2021. Would China’s move to join this transpacific trade pact push the U.S. to rejoin? It’s complicated. Washington Post Live, [online] 27 September. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/09/27/would-chinas-move-join-this-transpacific-trade-pact-push-us-rejoin-its-complicated/ [Accessed 30 May 2022]

Hu, W., 2015. China as a Listian Trading State: Interest, Power, and Economic Ideology. In: G.J. Ikenberry, W. Jisi and Z. Feng, eds. America, China, and the Struggle for World Order. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 211–242. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137508317_9

Hurlburt, H., 1995. Russia, the OSCE and European Security Architecture. Helsinki Monitor, 2, pp. 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181495X00199

Hurley, J. Morris, S. and Portelance, G., 2018. Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective”, CGD Policy Paper 121 March 2018. Center for Global Development. [online] Available at: https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/examining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Ikenberry, J., Mastanduno, M. and Wohlforth, C., 2011. Introduction: unipolarity, state behavior, and systemic consequences. In: International Relations Theory and the Consequences of Unipolarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511996337.001

Imports of goods and services (current US$) – China. World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files, 2022. The World Bank Group. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.CD?locations=CN&view=chart [Accessed 30 May 2022].

In joint op-ed, China and Russia decry US democracy summit, 2021. France 24. [online] Available at: https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211127-in-joint-op-ed-china-and-russia-decry-us-democracy-summit [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Indeo, F., 2018. The Impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on Central Asia: Building New Relations in a Reshaped Geopolitical Scenario In: W. Zhang, I. Alon and C. Lattemann, eds. China's Belt and Road Initiative: Changing the Rules of Globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 135–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75435-2_8

Isachenkov, V., 2021. Russia, China sign roadmap for closer military cooperation. Military Times, [online] 24 November. Available at: https://www.militarytimes.com/flashpoints/2021/11/24/russia-china-sign-roadmap-for-closer-military-cooperation/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Iwanek, K., 2021. Japan Steps in to Support India Against China in South Asia. The Diplomat, [online] 6 December. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/japan-steps-in-to-support-india-against-china-in-south-asia/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Jabin, J.T., 2018. The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor and the China–India–Pakistan Triangle. In: J.M.F. Blanchard, ed. China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia. A Political Economic Analysis of its Purposes, Perils, and Promise. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 105–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5239-2_5

Jervis, R., 2009. Unipolarity: A Structural Perspective. World Politics, 61 (1), pp.188–213. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887109000070

Johnston, L. A., 2018. The Belt and Road Initiative: What is in it for China? Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 6 (1), pp. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.265

Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS, 2021. Briefing Room, [online] 15 September. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/15/joint-leaders-statement-on-aukus/ [Accessed 30 May 2022]

Jones, C. M., 2018. China’s Challenge to Liberal Norms: The Durability of International Order. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-42761-8

Kasekamp, A., 2020. An Uncertain Journey to the Promised Land: The Baltic States’ Road to NATO Membership. Journal of Strategic Studies, [e-journal] 43 (6/7), pp. 869–896. DOI:10.1080/01402390.2020.1803066.

Kent, A., 2009. Beyond Compliance: China, International Organizations and Global Security. Singapore: Nus Press.

Kholodilin, K. and Netšunajev, A., 2019. Crimea and Punishment: The Impact of Sanctions on Russian Economy and Economies of the Euro Area. Baltic Journal of Economics, 19 (1), pp. 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1406099X.2018.1547566

Khurana, G.S., 2019. India as a Challenge to China's Belt and Road Initiative. Asia Policy, 14 (2), pp. 27–33 https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2019.0027

Kobrinskaya, I., 2007. The Post-Soviet Space. In: Malfliet, K., Verpoest, L. and Vinokurov, E., eds., The CIS, the EU and Russia The Challenges of Integration. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.13-21.

Kokoshin, A., 2016. 2015 Military Reform in the People’s Republic of China. Harvard Kennedy School, [online] October. Available at: https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/2015-military-reform-peoples-republic-china [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Korolev, A., 2019. On the Verge of an Alliance: Contemporary China-Russia Military Cooperation. Asian Security, 15 (3), pp. 233–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2018.1463991

Korolev, A., 2020. How Closely Aligned are China and Russia? Measuring Strategic Cooperation in IR. International Politics, [e-journal] 57, pp. 760–789. DOI: 10.1057/s41311-019-00178-8.

Ku, J.G., 2022. China Has Ditched Its Own Principles to Back Russia. Beijing claimed to be opposed to the use of force-until Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine. FP, [online] 7 April Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/07/china-ditched-principles-ukraine-russia-use-of-force/ [Accessed 30 May 2022:].

Laenen, R., 2012. Russia's 'Vital and Exclusive' National Interests in the Near Abroad. In: Freire M.R., Kanet R.E., eds. Russia and its Near Neighbours. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230390164_2

Larsen, J., 2019. NATO Nuclear Adaptation Since 2014: The Return of Deterrence and Renewed Alliance Discomfort. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, [e-journal] 17, pp. 174–193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s42738-019-00016-y.

Layne, C., 2012. This Time It's Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana. International Studies Quarterly, 56 (1), pp. 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00704.x

Layton, S., 2014. Reframing European Security: Russia’s Proposal for a New European Security Architecture. International Relations, 28 (1), pp. 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117813507734

Lazarević, D., 2009. NATO Enlargement to Ukraine and Georgia: Old Wine in New Bottles? Connections, 9 (1), pp. 29–66. https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.09.1.02

Lewis, D.G., 2018. Geopolitical Imaginaries in Russian Foreign Policy: The Evolution of Greater Eurasia. Europe-Asia Studies. DOI: 10.1080/09668136.2018.1515348.

Libman, A. and Obydenkova, A., 2018. Regional international organizations as a strategy of autocracy: the Eurasian Economic Union and Russian foreign policy. International Affairs, 94 (5), pp. 1037–1058. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy147

Lincoln, M., 2012. The Color Revolutions. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Liu, W., Zhang, Y. and Xiong, W., 2020. Financing the Belt and Road Initiative. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61 (2), pp. 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1716822

Lo, B., 2008. Axis of Convenience: Moscow, Beijing and the New Geopolitics. London: Brookings Institution Press.

Lo, Ch., 2007. Understanding China’s Growth Forces that Drive China’s Economic Future. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 39–66.

Lukin, A., 2018. China and Russia:The New Rapprochement. Cambridge: Polity.

Mahmud, Ali, S., 2005. US–China Cold War Collaboration, 1971–1989. New York: Routledge.

Makarychev, A.S., 2008. Russia's Search for International Identity Through the Sovereign Democracy Concept. The International Spectator, 43 (2), pp. 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932720802057125

Mallard, W., 2022. China on the right side of history over Ukraine war, foreign minister says. Reuters, [online] 20 March. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-right-side-history-over-ukraine-war-foreign-minister-2022-03-20/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Mansfield, E.D., 1993. Concentration, Polarity, and the Distribution of Power. International Studies Quarterly, 37 (1), pp. 105–128. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600833

Marcus, J., 2015. China-Russia drills in Med show shifting strategies. BBC News, [online] 11 May. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-32686956 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Martha, B.O., 1995.Sovereignty and the Near-Abroad. Orbis, 39 (3), pp. 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4387(95)90037-3

Martin, A.S., 2003. A Bumpy Road to An Unknown Destination? NATO-Russia Relations 1991–2002. In: Fawn R., ed. Realignments in Russian Foreign Policy. London: Frank Cass, pp. 55–73.

Martin, A.S., 2006. Russia and NATO since 1991. From Cold War Through Cold Peace to Partnership? New York: Routledge, pp. 51–57.

Mearsheimer, J., 2018. The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. New Haven: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv5cgb1w

Melville, A. and Shakleina, T., eds., 2005. Russian Foreign Policy in Transition: Concepts and Realities. New York: Central European University Press.

Melville, A. and Shakleina, T., eds., 2005. Russian Foreign Policy in Transition: Concepts and Realities. New York: Central European University Press.

Melville, A. and Shakleina, T., eds., 2005. Russian Foreign Policy in Transition: Concepts and Realities. New York: Central European University Press, pp. 75–84.

Melville, A. and Shakleina, T., eds., 2005. Russian Foreign Policy in Transition: Concepts and Realities. New York: Central European University Press.

Melville, A. and Shakleina, T., eds., 2005. Russian Foreign Policy in Transition: Concepts and Realities. New York: Central European University Press.

Menon, R. and Rumer, E., 2015. Conflict in Ukraine: The Unwinding of the Post–Cold War Order. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Michalski, A. and Nilsson, N., 2018. Resistant to Change? The EU as a Normative Power and Its Troubled Relations with Russia and China”. Foreign Policy Analysis, (10), pp. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/ory015

Mills, C. and Curtis J., 2022. Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion. House of Commons Library, [online] 15 August. Available at: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9477/CBP-9477.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China, 2022. [online] Available at: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/202202/t20220223_10644886.html [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Monteiro, N., 2014. Theory of Unipolar Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107449350

Norris, J., 2005. Collision Course: NATO, Russia and Kosovo. Westport: Praeger.

O’Sullivan, S., 2018. Military Intervention in the Middle East and North Africa: The Case of NATO in Libya. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315618012

Østevik, M. and Kuhrt, N., 2018. The Russian Far East and Russian Security Policy in the Asia-Pacific Region. In: H. Blakkisrud and E. Wilson-Rowe, eds. Russia’s Turn to the East Domestic Policymaking and Regional Cooperation. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 79–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69790-1_5

Overland, I. and Kubayeva, G., 2018. Did China Bankroll Russia’s Annexation of Crimea? The Role of Sino-Russian Energy Relations. In: H. Blakkisrud and E. Wilson-Rowe, eds. Russia’s Turn to the East Domestic Policymaking and Regional Cooperation. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69790-1_6

Panda, J. P., 2019. Scaling India-Japan Cooperation in Indo-Pacific and Beyond 2025: Corridors, Connectivity and Contours. India: KW Publishers.

Paul M., 2019. Partnership on the High Seas. China and Russia’s Joint Naval Manoeuvres. SWP Comment, [online] 26 June. Available at: https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/comments/2019C26_pau.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Perra, A., 2016. From the Arab Spring to the Damascus Winter: The United States, Russia and the New Cold War. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 3 (4), pp. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347798916664578

Pieper, M., 2019. Rising Power Status and the Evolution of International Order: Conceptualising Russia’s Syria Policies. Europe-Asia Studies, [e-journal] 71 (3), pp. 365–387. DOI:10.1080/09668136.2019.1575950.

Pifer, S., 2022. Kremlin’s unwillingness to recognize Ukraine as a sovereign state has resulted in major strategic failure for Russia, Stanford scholar says. Stanford News, [online] 6 January. Available at: https://news.stanford.edu/2022/01/06/understanding-russia-ukraine-crisis/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Qoraboyev, I. and Moldashev, K., 2018. The Belt and Road Initiative and Comprehensive Regionalism in Central Asia. In: M. Mayer, ed. Rethinking the Silk Road: China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Emerging Eurasian Relations. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5915-5_7

Quad Leaders’ Joint Statement: “The Spirit of the Quad”, 2021. Briefing Room, [online] 12 March. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/12/quad-leaders-joint-statement-the-spirit-of-the-quad/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Rakner, L., Menocal, A.R. and Fritz, V., 2007. Democratisation’s Third Wave and the Challenges of Democratic Deepening: Assessing International Democracy Assistance and Lessons Learned. [online] August. London: Overseas Development Institute. Available at: https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/2761-democratisations-third-wave-and-the-challenges-of.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Rimmer, P. J., 2018. China's Belt and Road Initiative: Underlying Economic and International Relations Dimensions. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 32 (2), pp. 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/apel.12247

Ringsmose, J. and Rynning, S., 2017. The NATO Response Force: A Qualified Failure No More?. Contemporary Security Policy, 38 (3), pp. 443–456. DOI:10.1080/13523260.2017.1350020.

Robert, A.P., 2009. Empire Falls. The National Interest, 99, pp. 21–34.

Ross, R., 2002. Navigating the Taiwan Strait: Deterrence, Escalation, Dominance and U.S.-China Relations. International Security, 27 (2), pp. 48–85. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228802760987824

Roumasset, J. Burnett, K. and Wang, H., 2008. Environmental Resources and Economic Growth. In: L. Brandt and T. Rawski, eds. China’s Great Economic Transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 72. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511754234.009

Russia & China set to double trade turnover to $200 billion in 5 years, 2019. RT, [online] 14 August. Available at: https://www.rt.com/business/466481-russia-china-200-billion-turnover/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Russia becomes WTO member after 18 years of talks, 2011. BBC News, [online] 16 December. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-16212643 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Russian foreign trade statistics. Source: Federal Customs Service of Russia, 2018. Russian Foreign Trade. [online] Available at: http://en.russian-trade.com/statistics/by-country/china/export/2018/[Accessed 30 May 2022].

Russian trade with China in 2014, 2016. Russian Foreign Trade, [online] 02 April. Available at: http://en.russian-trade.com/reports-and-reviews/2016-04/russian-trade-with-china-in-2014/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Russian trade with China in 2015, 2016. Russian Foreign Trade, [online] 02 May. Available at: http://en.russian-trade.com/reports-and-reviews/2016-05/russian-trade-with-china-in-2015/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Russian trade with China in 2016, 2017. Russian Foreign Trade, [online] 28 February. Available at: http://en.russian-trade.com/reports-and-reviews/2017-02/russian-trade-with-china-in-2016/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Russian trade with China in 2017, 2018. Russian Foreign Trade, [online] 15 February. Available at: http://en.russian-trade.com/reports-and-reviews/2018-02/russian-trade-with-china-in-2017/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Russian trade with China in 2018, 2019. Russian Foreign Trade, [online] 10 February. Available at: http://en.russian-trade.com/reports-and-reviews/2019-02/russian-trade-with-china-in-2018/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Russian trade with Cuba in 2018, 2019. Russian Foreign Trade, [online] 10 February. Available at: https://en.russian-trade.com/reports-and-reviews/2019-02/russian-trade-with-china-in-2019/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Russian, Chinese combat ships pass through Black Sea straits for Mediterranean drills, 2015. TASS, [online] 14 May. Available at: https://tass.com/russia/794708 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Russian-Chinese Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and the Establishment of a New International Order, 1997. ChinaLawInfom, [online] 23 April. Available at: http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=7131&lib=tax&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Rywkin, M., 2015. Russia and the Near Abroad Under Putin. American Foreign Policy Interests, 37 (4), pp. 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803920.2015.1080077

Samuel, P. H., 1991. Democracy's Third Wave. Journal of Democracy, 2 (2), pp.12–34. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1991.0016

Sanger, D. E., 2021. Biden Said the U.S. Would Protect Taiwan. But It’s Not That Clear-Cut, The New York Times, 10 November. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/22/us/politics/biden-taiwan-defense-china.html [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Saul, D., 2022. Russia-Ukraine Talks: Ukraine Hints At Progress On Crimea, While Both Sides Optimistic On Putin-Zelensky Meeting. Forbes Staff, [online] 29 March. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2022/03/29/russia-ukraine-talks-ukraine-hints-at-progress-on-crimea-while-both-sides-optimistic-on-putin-zelensky-meeting/?sh=4f806e6e27d3 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Schimmelfennig, F., 2003. The EU, NATO and the Integration of Europe: Rules and Rhetoric. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492068

Schortgen, F., 2018. China and the Twenty-First-Century Silk Roads: A New Era of Global Economic Leadership? In: W. Zhang, I. Alon and C. Lattemann, eds. China's Belt and Road Initiative: Changing the Rules of Globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.25–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75435-2_2

Schweller, R., 2000. "Democracy in the Post-Cold War Era". In: Heurlin, B. and Hansen, B., eds. The New World Order: Contrasting Theories. New York: Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403905277_3

Scobell, A., 2018. The South China Sea and U.S.-China Rivalry. Political Science Quarterly, 133 (2), pp. 199–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12772

Seddon, M., Olearchyk, R., Massoudi, A. and Zilber, N., 2022. Ukraine and Russia explore neutrality plan in peace talks. Financial Times, [online] 16 March. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/7b341e46-d375-4817-be67-802b7fa77ef1 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Shchetinskaia, I., 2016. Economic Sanctions against Russia after Crimea: Limitations of Impact. North Carolina State University Journal of International Studies, 6, pp.1–20.

Simon, J., 2008. NATO Enlargement and Russia. In: A. Braun, ed., NATO-Russia Relations in the Twenty-First Century. London: Routledge, pp.102–103.

Smith, M., 2006. Russia and NATO Since 1991: From Cold War Through Cold Peace to Partnership? New York: Routledge, pp. 77–88. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203013212

Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy, 2007. President of Russia, [online] 10 February. Available at: http://www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Stewart, P., Ali I. and Lee, Y., 2022. Exclusive: U.S. seeks way to speed delivery of new fighter jets to Taiwan. Reuters, [online] 20 January. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/exclusive-us-seeks-way-speed-delivery-new-fighter-jets-taiwan-2022-01-20/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

The Foreign Policy concept of the Russian Federation. Approved by President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on November 30, 2016. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. [online] Available at: https://www.rusemb.org.uk/rp_insight/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, 2015. [online] Available at: https://rusemb.org.uk/press/2029 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of Philippines v. The People's Republic of China), 2016. Press Release. Permanent Court of Arbitration, [online] 12 July. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20160712201412/https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Thomas, K., 2017. Assessing Intellectual Property Compliance in Contemporary China: The World Trade Organisation TRIPS Agreement. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3072-7.

Tian Y. L., 2022. Chinese foreign minister says he hopes Ukraine war will stop as soon as possible, 2022. Reuters, [online] 10 March. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/chinese-foreign-minister-says-he-hopes-ukraine-war-will-stop-soon-possible-2022-03-10/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Torjesen, S., 2009. Russia, the CIS and the EC: Finally Getting It Right? In: E. Wilson-Rowe and S. Torjesen, eds. The Multilateral Dimension in Russian Foreign Policy. London: Routledge.

Total stock of foreign direct investments from China to Russia between 2010 and 2020 (in billion U.S. dollars), 2021. Statista, [online] 28 October. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/721964/outward-fdi-stock-from-china-to-russia/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Transcript: Vladimir Putin’s Televised Address on Ukraine, 2022. Bloomberg News, [online] 24 February. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-24/full-transcript-vladimir-putin-s-televised-address-to-russia-on-ukraine-feb-24 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation, 2001. PA-X, Peace Agreement Access Tool, [online] 16 July. Available at: https://www.peaceagreements.org/viewmasterdocument/1735 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Tsygankov, A.P., 2016. Russia’s Foreign Policy. Change and Continuity in National Identity. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 59–96.

Turner, S., 2009. Russia, China and a Multipolar World Order: The Danger in the Undefined. Asian Perspective, 33 (1), pp. 159–184. https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2009.0029

Ukraine has offered neutrality in talks with Russia – what would that mean?, 2022. The Guardian, [online] 30 March. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/30/ukraine-offer-neutrality-meaning-constitution-russia-what-does-neutral-status-country-mean-how-would-it-work> [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Ukraine war: Zelenskyy says Ukraine is willing to consider declaring neutrality and offer security guarantees to Russia, 2022. Sky UK, [online] 28 March. Available at: https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-zelenskyy-says-ukraine-is-willing-to-consider-declaring-neutrality-and-offer-security-guarantees-to-russia-12576688 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Ukraine: EU doubles military aid to €1 billion – as it happened, 2022. DW, [online] 23 March. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-eu-doubles-military-aid-to-1-billion-as-it-happened/a-61226171 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Vangeli, A., 2018. The Normative Foundations of the Belt and Road Initiative. In: W. Shan, K. Nuotio and K. Zhang, eds., Normative Readings of the Belt and Road Initiative: Road to New Paradigms. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78018-4_4

Vinokurov, E., 2007. Russian Approaches to Integration in the Post-Soviet Space in the 2000s. In: Malfliet, K., Verpoest, L. and Vinokurov, E., eds., The CIS, the EU and Russia The Challenges of Integration. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 22–46. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230210998_3

Vinokurov, E., 2018. Introduction to the Eurasian Economic Union. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92825-8

Vogel, E.F., 2011. Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Cambridge: Belknap Press, pp. 464–476. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674062832

Wagner, J. and Parker, A., 2021. Biden says U.S. ground troops ‘not on the table’ for Ukraine. The Washington Post Democracy Dies in Darkness, [online] 8 December. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-says-ground-troops-not-on-the-table-but-putin-would-face-severe-economic-sanctions-for-ukraine-invasion/2021/12/08/3b975d46-5843-11ec-9a18-a506cf3aa31d_story.html [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Waltz, K., 1979. Theory of International Politics. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, pp. 89–93.

Waltz, K., 1993. The Emerging Structure of International Politics. International Security, 18 (2), pp. 44–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539097

Waltz, K., 1996. International Politics is not Foreign Policy. Security Studies, 6 (1), pp. 54–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636419608429298

Wang, F. and Mason, A., 2008. The Demographic Factor in China’s Transition. In: L. Brandt and T. Rawski, eds. China’s Great Economic Transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.136–166.

Westin, P., 1999. Foreign Direct Investments in Russia. Russian Economic Trends, 8 (1), pp. 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9426.00034

What are the sanctions on Russia and are they hurting its economy?, 2022. BBC News, [online] 27 June. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60125659 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Willerton, J. and Beznosov, M., 2007. Russia’s Pursuit of its Eurasian Security Interests: Weighing the CIS and Alternative Bilateral–Multilateral Arrangement. In: Malfliet, K., Verpoest, L. and Vinokurov, E., eds., The CIS, the EU and Russia The Challenges of Integration. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230210998_4

Wohlforth, W. C., 1999. The Stability of a Unipolar World. International Security, 24 (1), pp. 5–41. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228899560031

Wolf, Z. B., 2022. Here's what Biden has said about sending US troops to Ukraine. CNN Politics, [online] 24 February. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/24/politics/us-troops-ukraine-russia-nato/index.html [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Wu, D. D., 2017. China and Russia Sign Military Cooperation Roadmap. The Diplomat, [online] 30 June. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/china-and-russia-sign-military-cooperation-roadmap/ [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Xiying, Z., 2021. Unbalanced deterrence: coercive threat, reassurance and the US-China rivalry in Taiwan strait. The Pacific Review, [e-journal] 34 (4), pp. 547–576. DOI:10.1080/09512748.2019.1697353.

Yang (Taipei), W., 2022. Ukraine war: How Russian propaganda dominates Chinese social media, DW, [online] 06 April. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-war-how-russian-propaganda-dominates-chinese-social-media/a-61375386 [Accessed 30 May 2022].

Yueh, L., 2013. China’s Growth: The Making of an Economic Superpower. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 256–260, 301–309.

Zeng, J., 2019. Narrating China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Global Policy, [e-journal] 10 (2), pp. 207–216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12662.

Zou, L., 2018. The Political Economy of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. New Jersey: World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/10508

##submission.downloads##

Опубліковано

2022-09-02

Як цитувати

Озігчі, Е. (2022). «ENTENTE CORDIALE» ПРОТИЛЕЖНИХ ДЕРЖАВ: БОРОТЬБА КИТАЮ ТА РОСІЇ З ОДНОПОЛЯРНИМ ПОРЯДКОМ. Міжнародні відносини: теоретико-практичні аспекти, (9), 74–116. https://doi.org/10.31866/2616-745X.9.2022.265450

Номер

Розділ

МІЖНАРОДНІ ВІДНОСИНИ